Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is defined as a pathological state as a result of reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus causing a variety of symptoms that interfere in esophageal and extra-esophageal and or complications (Susanto,
The clinical manifestations of GERD may include typical symptoms (esophageal) and atypical symptoms (extra esophagus). GERD symptoms 70% are typical, namely:
- Heartburn, that burning sensation in the retrosternal area. Symptoms of heartburn is the most common symptom.
- Regurgitation, a condition in which stomach material was in the pharynx. Then sour and bitter taste in the mouth.
- Dysphagia. It usually occurs because of complications such as stricture (Joseph, 2009)
Atypical symptoms:
- Chronic cough, and sometimes wheezing.
- Hoarseness.
- Pneumonia.
- Pulmonary fibrosis.
- Bronchiectasis.
- Nonkardiak chest pain (Joseph, 2009).
Other symptoms:
- Weight loss.
- Anemia.
- Haematemesis or melena.
- Odynophagia (Bestari, 2011).
Complications of GERD include:
- Barrett's Esophagus, which changes the squamous epithelium, becomes metaplastic columnar.
- Ulcerative esophagitis.
- Bleeding.
- Stricture of the esophagus.
- Aspirations. (Asroel, 2002).
Nursing Diagnosis for GERD
- Risk for aspiration related to barriers to swallow, decreased reflux larynx and glottis to liquid reflux.
- Deficient Fluid Volume related to nausea and vomiting / excessive spending.
- Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements related to anorexia, nausea, vomiting.
- Acute pain related to inflammation of the esophagus lining.
- Ineffective airway clearance related to reflux of fluid into the larynx and throat.
- Impaired Swallowing related to narrowing / stricture of the esophagus due to gastroesophageal reflux disease.
- Anxiety related to the disease process.
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GERD,
Nursing Diagnosis
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